American education Essay

Education in China is growing. Over the past years Chinas education system has been attempting, and been successful in improving the education in China. China for many years did not put much emphasis on education. China was more traditional, meaning they were more interested in farming and working. Prior the 1840 education in China was only for the elite, the high class. The main purpose of education was to train what China called â€Å"gentlemen† or high officials. This is the time of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who introduced China to the Royal Examination System, which is used to select imperial officers. Chinas education was very rigid and it focused highly on technology thus China has a high rate of illiteracy. Early Chinese students were not very well rounded; they were limited in what they could study. For example a student of science would not know much about Humanities, and vice versa, a student of Humanities would not know much about science. This approach of learning narrowed the range of knowledge that a Chinese student might have. This would limit the students thinking and restrict their future development. When a student is limited in what he of she can do then that will dramatically decrease the number of jobs that they have to chose from. American education is a lot different than the early Chinese education. In America, school is for developing critical thinking skills. American education teaches students to apply what they learn in the class to the outside world. They teach students to think outside of the box and how to think deep and to apply critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is expected in America, as for China they are more knowledge focused. The Chinese function more on memorization of knowledge and facts, again this limits them in their thinking. Chinas’ education is based on training for entrance exams for college; this time of exams is known as â€Å"black July†. They memorize a lot of facts and then repeat them on a test. In America they teach how to apply what we learn to many different problems, to see if the students can figure them out. Chinas’ system is very competitive. The students compete with each other because there is limited space in college and there are limited jobs, in their marrow fields. This increases the pressure on the students, students at times commit suicide or run away from home and often suffer form depression because the pressure is so great on them, form their family and also themselves. Unlike most American students Chinese students are eager to learn and work really hard, they want to be the best that they can be for themselves and also for their family. China is making a lot of reforms on their education approach today. They are slowly adopting some of the western world’s principles. They are beginning to encourage students to study in more than one field, such as if a students is studying mathematics they also can, and often do study another subject such as science. This is broadening the students’ horizons and allowing them to be more rounded in their capabilities. This also increases the job types that they might be able to do. The Chinese are beginning to put more of an emphasis on critical thinking than they have in the years past. This takes some of the pressure off of the students and evens it out a little more, because if the can’t find a job and all they have is one skill then they will suffer and be left out working maybe a low rate job. If a student has more flexibility in what he or she can do then there will be more options for them in the job field. The education systems of China and America are more and more beginning to resemble one another. A few differences that still exist today are that the American schools are more centered on the students and interaction learning while the China schools are more teacher- focused and lecture oriented. American schools also encourage the students to debate with the teacher and ask questions during class. China has a phrase called â€Å"saving face†; this means that the students would rather not know the answer than to ask a â€Å"dumb† question. Teachers don’t encourage questions during class and don’t allow much debate. There are both strengths and weaknesses to both Chinese and American education methods. Chinese students study hard and often. They are viewing school as a privilege and a competition while most Americans view school as boring and tiresome. While Americans struggle with memorization and discipline, they are strong in critical thinking. American students are more rounded and able to apply what they have learned too many different things, whereas the Chinese are somewhat limited. I would have to say that all in all both systems have their positives and their negatives but as the years progress, improvement in each country will also.

Pakistan Automobile Industry Essay

Automobile market is one of the largest segments in world trade. In a fast globalized world, this industry is facing huge challenges like cutting cost, upgrading models, improving fuel efficiency and enhancing customers comfort without compromising quality. I categories automobile industry of Pakistan in different phases. In first phase, automotive assembling of Bedford truck followed by ford perfect, ford Cortina and Dodge Dart started in 1950s in Pakistan. By the end on the 1970’s the assembling of vehicles came to a freeze due to the low quality value of locally produce vehicle parts but continued the assembling of Bed Ford trucks. By the end of 70s practically all assembling ceased in Pakistan. In 1983, second phase of automobile assembling started with the introduction of Suzuki FX 800 CC car. And with in six years Pak. Suzuki changed the model of FX 800 CC with Mehran 800 CC. Pak. Suzuki there after introduced Khyber 1000 CC and Margalla 1300 CC in 1992. But in more than ten years, level of participation in development was not significant. From 1993, Pak automobile industry moves toward development when Indus motors company Ltd. Karachi introduced Toyota Corolla and Honda atlas cars Ltd. , Lahore introduced Honda Civic having 1300 CC engine capacity. Smaller cars also introduced by Indus motors, Pak Suzuki and Deewan Farooq motors in 2000. I. e. Cuore 850 CC, Cultus 1000 CC, Santro hundai 1000 CC. Automobile industry in Pakistan can be broadly divided into following segments: †¢ Cars & Light Commercial Vehicles. †¢ Trucks and Buses. †¢ Tractors. †¢ Vendor Industry. It is the industry which operates under franchises and technical cooperation agreements with Japanese, European and Korean manufacturers. †¢ Two and Three Wheelers Public companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. Automobile assembler †¢ Ghandhara Industries †¢ Ghandhara Nissan †¢ Hinopak Motors †¢ Hyundai Motors. †¢ Indus Motors Company †¢ Master Motors †¢ Millat Tractors †¢ Pak Suzuki †¢ Sigma Motors †¢ Volvo Pakistan Limited †¢ Al-Ghazi Tractors †¢ Atlas Honda †¢ Dewan Farooque Motors (BMW Pakistan) †¢ Ghani Automobile Industries Pakistan Automobile industry at Present: The automobile industry has been strugglers ever since its creation. Although long time has past since its establishment, it has not been able to make a mark among the very stars of the automotive world. Although it has tried and made significant advancement towards the production of locally produced vehicles transfer of new technology has become a major weakness of the industry. Another reason for the low progress of the industry is due to the high cost of fuel in Pakistan. People have made adjustments to their vehicle by changing their fuel preferences from petrol to CNG, just to get by in their lives. The Pakistani industry has so far being unable to adopt the GLOBALLY GREEN notion and safety standards. Most cars in the country rely on dual fuel systems. Moreover Pakistani industry is still relying on car models which have long been stopped producing in other super power countries. Pak Suzuki has gained almost complete monopoly in the segment of producing small cars and faces almost no competition at all. The government policies and regulation of the state bank of Pakistan too contribute a great deal of being a wall between the Pakistani automobile industry and its success. By increasing the interest rate on car financing the industry has suffered a huge shift towards downfall. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Increasing Demand for Cars: In Pakistan context there are 9 cars in 1,000 persons which is one of the lowest in the emerging economies which itself speaks of high potential of growth in the auto sector and more so in the car production. Rising per capita income with changing demographic distribution and an anticipated influx of 30 to 40 million young people in the economically active workforce in the next few years provides a stimulus to the industry to expand and grow. Resale of Local Assembled Cars: Resale of locally assembled cars is better due to availability of spare parts and after sales services and warranty Used imported cars have been selling below their cost at the showrooms for the last six months but consumers are not inclined to buy because of their low re-sale value and problems in parts availability. Quality of local cars Initially when the import of cars was liberalized the quality of local assembled cars was unsatisfactory so the people of high income level group started buying imported cars and the sales of the local assembled cars started decreasing so the local assemblers started enhancing the quality of their vehicles so we can say that the quality of local cars is becoming the strength of the auto industry. OEM: The local OEM of Pakistan is well equipped with enough advance technology and skilled labor to produce parts according to the desired quality of any foreign company. CNG kit The advantage of buying local assembled cars is that they comes with factory fitted CNG kits at the times when the prices of fuel rising at higher pace internationally. Mechanics: For local assembled cars mechanics are readily available in market and much cheaper so the buyer has not to worry about any problem that can occur in the car in long term whereas the availability for imported cars is a bigger issue for the owners and if somehow they are able to find one then the mechanics charges much higher than actually it should be charged. Weakness: WTO—Deletion program: THE World Trade Organization (WTO) has rejected Pakistan’s request for the extension of the deletion program which enabled it to lay down the condition of the local content requirement (LCR). Under LCR, the automobile and other engineering industry was required to use locally manufactured parts and accessories in terms of government’s deletion policy. The condition of the LCR was an aberration to the Clause 5. 2 of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), Article III–-National Treatment under the GATT, 1994. WTO’s decision for not extending its deletion program / LCR condition has varied impact on Pakistan’s vendor industry, automobile assemblers, car users and the government. Input Cost In Pakistan as the inflation is increasing so as the input costs and for manufacturers it is becoming harder to produce at lower cost. Increasing cost of energy and its unreliable and inconsistent supply adds up the cost of manufacturing and wastage of resources. It is estimated that by the year 2012, auto industry consumption of electricity will cross 500 – 600 MW from around 250 – 300 MW, as of now. Protection level: Before the TBS was introduced the auto industry was well protected by the government but now as the import of CKD and CBU is liberalized the protection level to industry by government is decreased. Lack of skilled manpower for modern machinery In Pakistan conventional machines are not able to meet the precision manufacturing and the available labor is not familiar with modern technology it caused by lack of coordination and linkages with Government/Semi Government Supporting Bodies and Technical Training Institutes. Scarcity of raw material especially steel Through previous years the world prices are rising and causing costly inputs and Pakistan has left with scarce Steel and Iron left, so manufacturers are facing difficulties in producing cars with low prices. Opportunities: Import German technology and skills EDB wanted to build a Pakistan-German automotive supply network, providing opportunities to Pakistani automotive vendor enterprises to benefit from the German know-how and technology to improve quality, productivity, developing and marketing of value-added products. Foreign Investment and setup production facilities China National Heavy Duty Truck Corporation (CNHDTC), one of the largest heavy duty truck manufacturers in China, has shown interest for investment in the automobile sector of Pakistan. The study is required to attract players from Germany as well as from other countries to develop business with the Pakistani counterparts. Baggase Fuel As the fuel prices are rising in world Pakistan should switch to Ethanol Fuel as Brazil is using. Ethanol Fuel is produced by Molasses. Pakistan is one of the country which produces good quantity of molasses but the engines of the local cars do not support ethanol so Pakistan should acquire the Technology to produce ethanol compatible cars. In Brazil they use 90% Ethanol and 10% petroleum whereas Pakistani cars with default engines can afford only 3% Ethanol. Global spare part market The annual gross sales turnover of the auto industry, at present, stands at Rs210 billion while export of auto parts are estimated at $35 million. As such, the increase in production turnover is projected to increase by 185 per cent while the exports of auto parts would make quantum jump. Threats: WTO—Parts indigenization Smuggling of auto parts The auto industry is generally faced by multiplicity of taxes; the presumptive tax regime has led to increase in prices of imported inputs and the finished goods. Component manufacturers are struggling to compete with under-invoicing, miss declaration and smuggling. Import of used parts is still continuing at a large scale. Smuggling, under-invoicing and dumping of auto parts. Competition from import cars Auto industry is facing a threat from the import of cars which is already liberalized further it is said that government will cut about 15% of duties till 2011 Fuel prices According to the authorities the fuel prices which currently are Rs 68. 8 and are going to increase by more Rs. 6 by the end of 3-Jun-08. Decreasing tariff structure: For localized parts of CKD cars, the tariff would reduce from 50 per cent to 45 per cent in 2008-09 and further to 35 per cent in the next two years. The tariff for CKD non-localized parts would be reduced from 35 per cent to 32. 5 per cent in 2007-08 and would keep on decline by 2. 5 per cent every year to 25 per cent in 2010-11. The rate for CBU cars up to 1500cc, the tariff would be reduced from 50 per cent to zero next year (2007-08) and to be kept at that level thereafter. For CBU cars between 1500-1800cc, the current rate of 65 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent annually to 50 per cent by 2010-11. For CBU cars exceeding 1800cc, the applicable rate of 75 per cent would be reduced at the rate of five per cent per annum to 50 per cent in 2010-11. For LCVs, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from 20 per cent to 15 per cent at the rate of one per cent every year. However, the tariff for CBU LCVs, the rate would be reduced from 60 per cent to 50 per cent in a phased manner by 2010-11. For two-wheelers, the tariff on CKD kits would be reduced from existing 30 per cent to 20 per cent in phased manner to 2010-1. Similarly, the tariff on CBU two wheelers would reduce to 60 per cent by 2010-11 from existing rate of 90 per cent. For localised CKD parts of tractors and heavy commercial vehicles, the existing tariff of 35 per cent has been proposed to be reduced to 25 per cent in 2010-11. For prime movers (up to 280 HP) the tariff for CKD would be reduced from 10 per cent to five per cent next year and then kept at that level onwards. Similarly, the tariff for CBUs would be reduced to 25 per cent next year and then kept at that level for the next five years. The tariff for prime movers (above 280HP) and would remain unchanged, while it would be reduced for trucks from 10 to five per cent and from 30 to 25 per cent next year.

Breast Is Best Essay Research Paper Breast

Breast Is Best Essay, Research Paper Breast Is Best Breast eating non merely provides the perfect nutrient and nutrient bringing system for babies, it is besides the most household friendly pick a new female parent can do.# 8220 ; Human breast milk contains at least one hundred ingredients non found in cow # 8217 ; s milk and that can non be precisely duplicated in commercial expression # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 3 ) . As a babe grows and alterations, chest milk automatically individualizes itself for each baby. The foods in chest milk alter themselves to suit the babe # 8217 ; s demands. Breast milk is more easy digested than cow # 8217 ; s milk or expression. # 8220 ; The sum of protein in female parent # 8217 ; s milk ( 1.5 % ) is lower than in cow # 8217 ; s milk ( 3.5 % ) ( Brockport 1 ) , doing it gentler on the baby # 8217 ; s tummy. Soy milk expressions are even further in composing from what nature intended. Brockport besides points out that # 8220 ; an baby that has been breast fed is less likely to go fleshy and it lower s the opportunity of fleshiness later in life # 8221 ; ( 2 ) . Virtually no babe is allergic to breast milk, while # 8220 ; beta-lactoglobulin, a Smith 2 substance contained in cow # 8217 ; s milk can trip an allergic reaction which can be life endangering # 8221 ; ( Denmark 1 ) . Some suspect this to be the cause of certain instances of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Denmark states that # 8220 ; for every 87 unnaturally fed babes who die from SIDS, merely three chest Federal babes die from SIDS # 8221 ; ( 1 ) . Nursed babes are about neer constipated because of the easier digestibleness of chest milk. Breast fed babes are less likely to endure from gripes, gas, and inordinate ptyalizing up. They besides seldom have diarrhea-since chest milk seems to destruct some diarrhoea doing beings and to promote the growing of good vegetations in the digestive piece of land, which further discourages digestive disturbance. Large sums of Na are hard for a babe # 8217 ; s kidneys to manage. Breast milk contains one-third the mineral salts of cow # 8217 ; s milk, therefore doing it soft to the kidneys. There is less phosphoric in chest milk every bit good. The higher P content of cow # 8217 ; s milk is linked to a reduced Ca degree in the expression fed infant # 8217 ; s blood. Breast Federal babes are far less likely to go sick during the first twelvemonth than expression fed babes. # 8221 ; The transportation of immune factors in chest milk and in the pre-milk substance, foremilk, provides partial protection. Every clip chest fed babies suckle at their female parent # 8217 ; s chest from the first clip to the last ; they are acquiring a healthy dosage of anti-bodies to bolster their unsusceptibility to Smith 3 disease # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 54 ) . One recent survey suggest # 8221 ; there may besides be a reduced hazard of childhood malignant neoplastic disease in chest Federal babies # 8221 ; ( Eisenburg 55 ) . Breast Federal babes are well-fed since chest eating plants by supply and demand. The more the babe nurses the greater the female parent # 8217 ; s milk production. Overall, babes that are breast Federals have less wellness jobs than babes that are unnaturally fed. # 8220 ; They have three times fewer ear infections, five times fewer urinary piece of land infections, five times fewer serious unwellnesss and seven times fewer allergic reactions. Babies who are fed mother # 8217 ; s milk entirely, for at least their first 26 hebdomads, are six times less likely to develop lymphoma ( a type of malignant neoplastic disease ) in childhood, and babes breast fed for at least one twelvemonth are merely half as likely to develop diabetes # 8221 ; ( Sears 41 ) . Breast milk can get down a life-time of good wellness for a babe. As grownups, people who were breast Federals have: less asthma, diabetes, fewer tegument upsets, fewer allergic reactions, lowered hazard of bosom onslaught due to take down cholesterin degrees, fewer ulcers, less Crohn # 8217 ; s disease, and protection from certain chronic liver diseases. Breast milk encourages proper development. It promotes # 8220 ; good jaw development # 8221 ; , which has an advantage to proper tooth development and alliance, and # 8220 ; active usage of oral cavity and lingua while breast-feeding encourages proper address development. Switch overing babe from right to go forth arm Smith 4 while feeding promotes balanced oculus musculuss # 8221 ; ( Dermer 1 ) . In add-on, Dermer states that # 8220 ; breast milk enhances structural development of the oculus and allows growing and development of babe # 8217 ; s encephalon and cardinal nervous system ( 2 ) . Recent surveies show higher IQ tonss for chest Federal kids, straight correlated with the length of clip they were breast Federal. Aside from the nutritionary, physical, and mental advantages of chest eating, the chest fed baby tends to be happier and more confident. Obvious are the chest eating advantages to the baby, but what about for the female parent? When a female parent chest feeds her babe, they bond. The skin-to-skin contact and interaction promotes adhering and enhances understanding and credence. A survey from a underdeveloped state found that when chest eating rates were increased among female parents with a important forsaking rate, fewer of these female parents abandoned their babes. Breast eating besides encourages feelings of peace, satisfaction, relaxation, and intimacy. Immediately after birth, the babe # 8217 ; s sucking causes perennial explosions of oxy-toxin to be released which in bend contracts the womb. This protects the female parent from postpartum hemorrhaging every bit good as assisting the womb to return to its normal size, which finally aides the female parent in returning to her pre-pregnancy weight. Mothers who breast provender are at a lower hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Eisenburg tells us that # 8220 ; adult females nursing for a lifetime sum of two old ages lower Smith 5 their hazard before climacteric by 40 per centum. Nursing for six old ages lowers their hazard before climacteric by 66 per centum, and seven old ages of nursing lowers the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease throughout a adult female # 8217 ; s life-time to about zero # 8221 ; ( 55 ) . Breast eating besides lowers the hazard of other malignant neoplastic diseases such as ovarian and uterine malignant neoplastic diseases. On a lighter note, allow us non bury God # 8217 ; s natural chest augmentation which enhances the chests appearance far more dexterously than any sawbones # 8217 ; s manus.# 8220 ; Breast eating entirely, without solids or addendums, delays the oncoming of ovulation and monthly catamenial rhythms # 8221 ; ( Dermer 1 ) , which contributes significantly to household planning and child-spacing. In making this, the female parent is practising the lactactional amenorrhoea method which is over 98 per centum effectual in forestalling gestation the first six m onths postpartum. The degree of protection T biddy decreases in relation to the strength and frequence of suckling. In Senegal, where female parents breast provender for an norm of 19 months, and in Bangladesh, where female parents breast feed an norm of 31 months, births are at least two old ages apart. The child-spacing consequence of chest eating is particularly relevant to adult females for whom contraceptive method is unaffordable, unavailable, or unacceptable. Breast milk is readily available and convenient, no bottles to warm or formula to blend. In contrast, trust on bottle-feeding is peculiarly hazardous for households with low incomes and limited entree to clean H2O and fuel. Too Smith 6 frequently, taint occurs when bottles can non be decently sterilized, and malnutrition consequences when babes are bottle-fed liquids such as diluted juices or teas. The economic sciences of breast-feeding are besides of import to see. Breast- feeding saves households clip and money that would be spent on buying infant expression, bottles, wellness attention, and fuel. For illustration, # 8220 ; the mean cost of feeding a six-month old babe is eight hundred and 55 dollars for one twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( Brockport 3 ) , utilizing powdery expression. Concentrated and ready to utilize expressions be even more. This is equal to at least the mean family # 8217 ; s monthly per capita income in many developing states. On the norm, households spend two hundred dollars in wellness attention claims for the norm one twelvemonth old unnaturally fed babe. Because chest Federal babes are healthier than those who receive chest milk replacements, households save clip and money that would be spent on visits to wellness practicians and on buying medical specialties. In short, breast eating enables households to accomplish great autonomy, therefore cut downing their dependence upon commercial ( and interior ) merchandises. The painstaking individual should besides be sensitive to the effects chest eating has on the environment. Breast eating is ecologically sound since it uses merely renewable resources and produces merely biodegradable wastes. In Smith 7 contrast, bottle-feeding utilizations non-renewable resources such as Sn, plastic, glass and Si, and produces non-biodegradable wastes and pollution. Furthermore, while chest milk is produce locally and on demand, bottle-feeding merchandises are frequently transported considerable distances by transnational companies. Eisenburg points out that # 8220 ; Artificial milk involves ; overgrazing of land by cowss, usage of chemical fertilisers to turn the soy, usage of valuable environmental resources for expression production, packaging and transporting of the merchandise, usage of H2O and fuel in commixture and heating the merchandise, waste disposal of the tins, bottles, accoutrements, cartons, etc. Artificial eating additions social and personal wellness attention costs and harmfully effects the environment # 8221 ; ( 56 ) . Harmonizing to the Surgeon General of the United States, 30 to forty per centum of new female parents start off chest feeding their babes. The official end of the Surgeon General # 8217 ; s office is to duplicate the figure so that 70 five per centum of new female parents are breast-feeding. The adult females least likely to breast provender are low-income adult females. Unfortunately, these are the really adult females who are most likely to go corpulent after gestation and whose babes could most profit from the long-run wellness benefits of chest eating.# 8220 ; Ever since Eve put Cain to suckle for the first clip, breast-feeding has Smith 8 been coming of course to female parents and neonates. Right? Well, that is non ever the instance, at least non right off # 8221 ; ( McGough ) . Eisenberg would hold to this statement. Although nursing does come of course, he believes # 8220 ; It comes of course a small later for some female parents and babes than others # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . Sometimes there are physical factors that hamper those first few efforts ; at other times it # 8217 ; s merely a simple deficiency of experience of both participants. Whatever might be maintaining the babe and the chests apart, it won # 8217 ; t be long before they are in perfect sync, every bit long as the female parent doesn # 8217 ; t give up foremost. Some of the most reciprocally fulfilling breast-baby relationships begin with several yearss of fumbling, failed attempts, and cryings on both sides. As a first clip female parent I can associate to challenges of larning to breast-feed. I have a healthy, smart, good adjusted ( non to advert beautiful ) babe miss. I contribute a big portion of those qualities to breast-feeding. I was a chest babe myself, and upon larning that I was pregnant, I had really small vacillation in make up ones minding if I would follow in my female parent # 8217 ; s footfalls. I did extended research on the pros and cons of breast-feeding and came up with really few cons. I feel that chest eating my girl was the first and most of import gift I could give her, aside from love. The satisfaction that I received from nursing her far outweighs any incommodiousnesss that I might hold incurred. The comfort of cognizing that she was acquiring the best, most Smith 9 alimentary nutrient possible is an indefinable one, and the intimacy that we portion because of it is invaluable. Although I was merely able to nurse her for five months, I would non merchandise the experience or the benefits for anything. I hope to be able to nurse my following kid for a twelvemonth. Obstetricians, baby doctors, nurse-midwives, even makers of infant expression agree that breast-feeding is best. No affair how far engineering progresss, there will ever be some things that Mother Nature does best. As Oliver Wendell Holmes the Elder said over a century ago, # 8220 ; A brace of significant mammary secretory organs has the advantage over the two hemispheres of the most erudite professor # 8217 ; s encephalon in the art of intensifying a alimentary fluid for babies # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . Smith 10 Brockport. # 8220 ; Advantages of Breast-feeding # 8221 ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.acs.brockport.edu/~bb1368* . Page 1-3. Denmark.. # 8220 ; Breast-feeding for Good Health # 8221 ; Advertisement. Department of Health and Human Services. July 1999. Dermer, Alicia. # 8220 ; Breast-feeding: Good for Babies Mothers and The Planet # 8221 ; . hypertext transfer protocol: //medicalreporter.health.org* . page 1 A ; 2. Eisenburg, Heidi E. Murkoff, and Sandee E. Hathaway. What to Expect the First Year. New York: Workman, 1996. McGough, Patrick. Telephone interview. 13 July 1999. Sears, William. # 8220 ; Ensuring Baby # 8217 ; s Health. # 8221 ; Rearing. January 1998.

Anti-Islam Discourse of Medieval Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anti-Islam Discourse of Medieval Europe - Essay Example Anti-Islam Discourse of Medieval Europe This anti-Islam discourse had begun and has been propagated for centuries as the West has continued to link terrorism to Islam, launching a series of attacks in their backyards in their supposed attempts to avert and defeat terror. This rhetoric has grown stronger in recent years as most of the highly profiled enemies of peace and the war on terror have been defined as Muslims. All these have led to a generalized fear of Islam and Muslims, a situation that has been described by several intellectuals and activists as Islamophobia. This has been evidenced by acts such as vandalism of their places of worship, increasing hate crimes against people thought to be Muslim, and sensational coverage by the press of the threats posed by the Muslim community. Some of the selective policing and surveillance that is focused on the Muslim communities and a widespread assumption is that Islam is antithetical to values democratic have also been influenced. This common fear has led to even further for mulation of government policies that have posed a threat to the civil liberties of the Muslims living in such western countries. As a result, there has been hostile, and a suspicious relation experienced between these two worlds. This radicalization and Orientalism by the Western nations begun when these nations, regarding themselves as superior, felt the need to conquer and civilize the societies they regarded as uncivilized and exotic in their practices.

The hells nature debate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The hells nature debate - Research Paper Example The debate about the nature of hell is covered in consideration of three main aspects about hell: the duration of hell; the main reason for hell and finally the felling in hell (is the feeling experienced in a state of consciousness or unconsciousness) From this point of view; it is definitely clear that hell’s nature is far much more complicated to understand that one could easily think. As a matter of fact, with the rising of new knowledge each and everyday, it becomes very confusing as to what exactly is hell made up of. This paper approaches the topic of the nature of hell with much criticism so as to clearly analyze two main approaches that are used in an attempt to explain the nature of what is believed to be hellii. In doing effectively doing this, the classical view and the annihilationist view about hell have been critically analyzed with their strengths and weaknesses being closely assessed against the benchmark offered by the Biblical explanations about the nature o f hell. Classical View Despite the fact that the classical view regarding the nature of hell is mostly pegged on the Biblical teachings, it is very important to take note of the fact that the classical view explaining the nature of hell has different versions which are mainly differentiated as per the interpretations that arise from the Biblical teachings regarding hell. The first version is the literal view of hell’s nature. ... Hells nature will be so rough according to this version that the people who will be damned to be in hell will be forever having regrets of their lives. They will be wishing that they move out but on realizing that hell has no way out, and then it will forever be an eternal psychological suffering to them. From this interpretation, it can be clarified that hell is actually a place with only the way in but it totally has no way out. This is due to the fact that the people who will be damned to be suffering in this place will be wishing that they repent their sins and move out but all this will be in vain as they would be damned to stay in the place eternally. The second version is the psychological interpretation of the Biblical teachings. This version sharply contradicts with the initial interpretation as it argues that the nature of hell ought not to be literally taken from the Biblical teachings. On the contrary, this version sees the darkness and fires that are used to describe the nature of hell as merely symbols and metaphors that are strategically used to depict the suffering that is in helliv. The fundamental argument that is used by the proponents of this line of thought is the fact that human beings were made by God. It is therefore in their nature that whatever they desire most is to be with God eternally. Once this aspect is withdrawn then humans are bound to suffer (endure hell’s nature-withdrawal form God’s presence). According to this version, the nature of hell is therefore basically total withdrawal from the presence of God eternally. The darkness and fires that are used o describe the tough nature of hell simply

Platonic and Knowledge-Definition Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Platonic and Knowledge-Definition Claims - Essay Example I do not agree with the knowledge-definition claim because I think it is possible to recognize a concept (like a book) and have no clue about the elements of a Socratic definition of that concept. I am very comfortable with the Platonic claim because it relies upon observation and classification. It defines a concept in terms of its characteristics, and eliminates those things which do not exhibit the same elements. In my example of the table, it is very easy to observe the primary elements of tables. A table will have a flat surface upon which something can be placed. It will have some sort of a support structure, whether legs or a post, which elevates the flat surface. It is therefore easy to apply the Platonic claim in seeking to define a table; if an object has a flat surface and a support system, it is a table. Armed with the knowledge of these intrinsic features, even though there are only two in my simplified example, I can confidently identify tables and distinguish them from non-tables. If an object, say a broom, is presented to me, I can immediately define it in terms of its "table-ness" by looking to the object's characteristics and applying the Platonic claim. A broom does not have a flat surface supported by a stable structure. It may have a flat surface, e.g., the sides of the bristles or the top of the platform that holds the bristles. It certainly has a structure; the handle and bristle binding. But it is not a table because there is not a flat surface where something can be placed while being supported by the structure. Articulated in Platonic terms, there is the concept of a table (T) that has two features; a flat surface able to accommodate the placement of other things (F1) and a support structure that elevates the surface to a useful height (F2). Therefore, T=F1+F2. For any object under analysis, that particular object cannot be a T if it lacks F1 and F2. T may have diversity within its features, like a surface that is round or rectangular, as long as the primary element of F1 is met. T can have different examples of a support structure, like three or more legs, a central post with feet, etc., as long as the essential characteristics of F2 are met. The object may even have other features, like drawers or decorative elements, which fall outside of the primary definition given here; but as long as the elements of an object exhibit both F1 and F2, it is a table. The broom, lacking these features is then readily identified as something other than a table. I do not agree with the knowledge-definition claim. This claim asserts that if a person knows what a thing is, they know a Socratic definition of that thing. While I understand the method, and believe that it might have useful applicability in limited scenarios, I think it is possible to recognize an object without knowing what that object truly is. To illustrate the distinction I am making, I will use another simple object; a book. It is certainly possible to recognize a book without understanding what it is. An individual may know that an object with a cover and pages of text is a book. They do not even have to be literate to recognize the object as a book, as they

Legal studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal studies - Essay Example Law provides a basis for the details of day to day life like contract of sale whenever we indulge in sales and current affairs like governmental proceedings and regulations etc. Chesterman and Rhoden stated that many students opted legal studies because they are attracted to understand the forces that shape the society and others would like to enjoy the thought of getting their hands on those forces (3). Law has wide influence on our social life and this is a reason why many students choose Law schools and Law colleges. Garth and Sarat argued that Law has more pervasive influence in structuring society and Law can be seen as a way of organizing the world into categories and concepts (2). Legal studies and gaining a graduation in Law has been considered to be a respectful education level. Students who choose Legal studies perceive Law as a useful tool for justice and same time they see Law as a respectful and rewarding career opportunity. A society with diverse aspects and concepts will flourish only if the society members respect different opinions and if they are wise to think of mutual commitments to public discourse for solving conflicts and disagreements. The current situations of global business and modern economic complexities require that Law is always a matter of concern. International trade laws, intellectual property laws, human rights laws and so on form part of fundamental legal establishments that play vital role in today’s business world. In order to meet the requirements and make use of growing opportunities, ‘Legal studies’ thus has become one of the most significant requirements of the time. Learning Law requires mental skirmish at Law schools and law colleges. Many students find it difficult and same time many enjoy this mental skirmish. In learning Law, it is inevitable to extract conclusions from various legal cases and incidents and to understand the reasons for the rules.

Geology of Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology of Brazil - Essay Example The six major groups that constitute the Brazilian population are the Portuguese who colonized Brazil in the 16th century, Africans brought to Brazil as slaves, European, Middle-Eastern, and Japanese and other Asian immigrant groups who settled in Brazil since the mid-19th century. Further, the indigenous people of Tupi and Guarani language stock. â€Å"Although the major European ethnic stock of Brazil was originally Portuguese, subsequent waves of immigration contributed to a diverse ethnic and cultural heritage† (BWHA 2011). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the geology of Brazil in order to gain an appreciation of the land, history and dynamics of the home country. The Geology of Brazil Brazil is located within the South American Platform with its basement consisting of a highly complex geologic evolution beginning from the Archaean period. The region of Brazil had become completely consolidated â€Å"between the Proterozoic Superior period and the beginning of the Palaeozoic period, with the closing in the Brazilian cycle† (Machado, 2011). ... Brazil Geology: Crystalline Shields and Sedimentary Basins (Machado, 2011)       Crystalline shields    Sedimentary basins    The Crystalline shields and the sedimentary basins of Brazil are clearly demarcated above (Fig.1). The shield of Guyana extends to the north of the basin of Amazonas; â€Å"the shield of the Brazil-central, or Guapore extends to the interior of Brazil and south of that basin, while the Atlantic shield is exposed in the oriental portion reaching the Atlantic border† (Machado, 2011). These shields are exposed in over half the area of Brazil. On that platform in Brazil were developoed three extensive basins with sineclisis character: Amazonas, Paraiba and Parana, which developed by filling spatially with sedimentary and volcanic coverings during stable conditions of ortho-platform originating from Ordovician-Silurian. Additionally, several other smaller basins including coastal basins and other sedimentary areas, occur exposed on the platform. The Carajas region in the Amazon belt of Brazil reveals a number of important features regarding the reactivation of Archaean basement terrains. A general increase in temperature is linked to deformation through time that is consistent with progressive exhumation of the crust. Similar embrittlement sequences are recognized in many other long-lived basement shear zones. Secondly, the regional basement fabrics are steeplyh dipping and trending east to west. Those deformations that followed are wrench-dominated events probably because the foliation orientation favours strike-slip, as opposed to dip-slip reactivation. Thirdly, the location of the younger Cover Assemblage rocks is structurally controlled by strike-slip fault zones. On the other hand, however, faulting entirely post-dates the deposition and does

MSc International Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MSc International Marketing Management - Essay Example The central component is still people. All the expertise and products in the world can never substitute that one precious human resource. The Export Marketing Research has undergone a sea change in the last few decades. Since the advent of globalisation markets both domestic and international have made information gathering a vital process in establishing a business. The proposed research dissertation would analyse the differences that exists in the domestic marketing research and the international marketing research through Export Marketing Research. Export marketing research has covered a number of theoretical and practical matters such as calibration and customisation, export growth processes, barriers to exporting, export operation, etc. Rapid changes in technology, institutionalised, parliamentary, economic and attitudes throughout the globe present challenges for the future growth of export marketing enquiry. The appearance of churning and ultra-competitive business environs calls for exporters to regard the bases and sustainability of their competitive benefit to overseas markets. Specifically, future research has to concentrate on the recognition of the exact export marketing capacities that firms should build up or gain, the capacity to purchase or channelise them across markets, and the talent to continuously upgrade the aspects by using appropriate organisational learning routines. Of significant magnitude are the procedures utilised to formulate capacity-based strategies and to supervise relationships with internation al customers. The literature review of the different authors pertaining to international marketing management through export marketing research includes Bentley (1986) who defines information as "being data that are meaningful, useful to the user and which, ideally, should be comprehensive, yet concise, accurate, applicable, timely and available." As such information is rarely available in such a readily digestible form, organizations have had to develop either formal or informal methods to collect, analyse and disseminate it. Though there have undoubtedly been many successful management decisions based on experience of the management which has an inner feeling of what can be good for an organisation, the consensus among marketing theorists (Deshpande and Zaltman, 1982; Kast and Rosenzweig, 1979; Stoner, 1978), is that objective information is a prerequisite basis on which to found management decisions which will reduce risk and uncertainty. The types of marketing research information used by comp anies have been covered by Luck and Rubin (1987), Kinnear and Taylor (1991) and Churchill (1987) among others. Whilst these authors willingly prescribe the types of information which should be sought, they are not so forthcoming when discussing the types of information that companies actually collect. Similarly the international marketing research textbook by Douglas and Craig (1983) takes more of a prescriptive, rather than a

The Reason Why Public Service Matters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Reason Why Public Service Matters - Essay Example Public service benefits society as a whole because everyone gains something out of it. Typically, the people performing public service are on the upper end of the rich scale, while those receiving the services are on the lower end. This does not mean they poorer people do not deserve public service being performed for them—after all, they pay their taxes just like everyone else. In every free and fair society, there are certain conditions that every person needs to live by. Public service can benefit society because the public’s interest is at heart. Public service also matters because it helps those who perform it to feel uplifted. There is no greater feeling that volunteering your time and doing something for someone else for no particular reason. Most likely, the person on the receiving end will feel very grateful for what has been done for them, and the public service doer feels rewarded for their efforts. If people who are performing public service feel appreciated for the work that they are doing, then they will likely help the community again in the future. If everyone participates in public service, then not too much is required of any one individual. Lastly, public service matters because it can really change another person’s life. Very often public service is performed for those who are in need. Even though the task performed for them may not seem like much, it may make a world of difference in the life of the person receiving it. If that person is feeling negative towards the rest of society, then they may rediscover the belief in mankind. This positivity can be applied in other areas of their life and the person can make significant changes. Above all, the person who is receiving the public service may feel compelled to help out someone else in need someday.

The Ukrainian Genocide Essay Example for Free

The Ukrainian Genocide Essay â€Å"Holodomor† means fake famine or slow killing by starvation in Ukrainian. Joseph Stalin, the premier of the Soviet Union, created an artificial famine to destroy the will of the Ukrainian people that sought independence from his rule. This famine lasted for three years killing an estimated seven to ten million people. Ukraine was known as the breadbasket of Europe before this happened. This was one of the worst cases of mass killing ever recorded. It also is one of the worst cases of food, or lack of it, being used as a weapon. Some people to this day ignore the fact that this artificial famine even existed. Ukraine had been under the domination of the Imperial Czars of Russia for two hundred years. Finally freedom had arrived in March of 1917. Some optimistic Ukrainians declared Ukraine to be an independent nation and began to re-establish Kiev, the nation’s capital. However, they did not stay free for long. Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to reclaim Ukraine. Four years of chaos and fighting followed. By the end of 1921 the Soviets were able to crush the Ukrainian people and win the war. Half of Ukraine was then divided up between Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. The rest of Ukraine was kept by the Soviet Union. The Soviets began shipping grain out of Ukraine to satisfy hungry Russians. While the Soviets banqueted, Ukrainians suffered. Then a drought occurred resulting in widespread hunger and popular resentment towards Vladimir Lenin and the Soviets. To lessen this animosity, Lenin lessened his grip on the Ukrainian people and even encouraged a free-market. People started to relax and renewed their interests in independence, folk art, music, and literature. The Soviets began slowly losing control of Ukraine because of this revival. However, when Lenin died Stalin, one of the most cold-blooded humans to ever hold this much power, took over. Stalin thought the gradual loss of Ukraine was completely unacceptable. To crush the free spirited revival he started using the same ruthless methods used on the Soviet Union. In the beginning of 1929 over five thousand Ukrainian scholars, scientists, cultural and religious leaders were arrested with false accusations of planning an armed revolt against the Soviets. Everyone that was arrested was either shot or deported to prison camps where they would be tortured with out a trial. Stalin also disapproved of Ukraine’s system of land management. He began seizing all privately owned farms in a country where eighty percent of its people are farmers. There was a class of farmers called â€Å"kulaks† by the communists. Kulaks were wealthy farmers who made a profit by themselves. Stalin believed that all farms should be collective farms run by the government. Stalin started forcing people to join these collective farms or else they would be classified as Kulaks and put into jails, which began appearing in most Ukrainian villages. By the summer of 1932 eighty percent of Ukraine’s population started working in collective farms. They were afraid of seeing their own children die of starvation so they gave in. He thought that any revolt in the future would be led by the Kulaks so he began destroying them as a class. Kulaks were declared â€Å"enemies of the people† and were left beaten in the streets with out any possessions of their own. The Red army stole all of the kulaks possessions. It was against the law to help Kulaks or their families in any way. Millions of people were put onto railroad boxcars and were shipped to prison camps in the wilderness of Siberia. One-third of the people sent to these camps died because of the horrible conditions. Back in Ukraine things were getting worse and worse each day. Stalin sent out henchman Lazar Kaganovitch to destroy all Ukrainian resistance. He made quota shooting 10,000 innocent Ukrainians weekly. Eighty percent of all intellectuals were executed. Stalin began stealing food that was made from the Ukrainian’s own hands. All farms were raided for any possible food, blankets, cattle, and fuel. The secret police looked for â€Å"hidden grain† under men and women’s clothing. Even the smallest amounts of grain were confiscated. They blocked all railroads and streets so nothing could get in or out of Ukraine. Ukrainians began to quickly die of starvation, cold, and sickness. During the winter of 1932-1933 the famine hit full force. Soon people were eating shoes, belts, tree bark, pets, and some even ate infant children and dead bodies to stay alive. Many begged neighbors for potato skins and other scraps, but they found their neighbors equally starved. There were unbelievably emaciated bodies in the street. I remember all this I was swollen from hunger; my brother was even in the worst condition He was dying; his swollen body was leaking fluid. I was sitting beside him, he was gritting his teeth and kept asking for a cucumber Then he died His dead body had been wrapped in a blanket, the color of this blanket is still in my memory. This is the testimony of Hanna Nelasa, born in Luhansk region. She was one of the few people brave enough to give her testimony about the famine. In Russia it has been made illegal to commemorate this event. To this day people do not know the exact amount of people that died during this tragic time. At the famine’s height 25,000 people were dying per day. They estimate the number of people that died to be around seven to ten million. In the end the Soviet collective farms never succeeded. The livestock were poorly cared for on these farms and the conditions were very unhealthy. Inexperienced young communists ran all the farms. They became jokes throughout Ukraine about how uneducated they were on simple things like farming and cleaning. An American Journalist wrote this horrifying description of what he saw: â€Å"About twenty miles south of Kiev (Kyiv), I came upon a village that was practically extinct by starvation. There had been fifteen houses in this village and a population of forty-odd persons. Every dog and cat had been eaten. The horses and oxen had all been appropriated by the Bolsheviks to stock the collective farms. In one hut they were cooking a mess that defied analysis. There were bones, pigweed, skin, and what looked like a boot top in this pot. The way the remaining half dozen inhabitants eagerly watched this slimy mess showed the state of their hunger. † On a personal note, my grandfather lived through this time. He was once walking and thought he saw a log and went to go sit on it, but it was a frozen body. They were living at the edge of the woods so his father buried potatoes and grain two hundred feet deep in the back of the woods. The Secret Police came to their house and took bayonets poking them into the soil looking for any food they had. Adults and children constantly came begging to their house for scraps of food and they gave it to them. This is why I chose this as my topic because my grandparents told me hundreds of stories about growing up during these times.

Postcolonial Theory & Feminism Essay Example for Free

Postcolonial Theory Feminism Essay Postcolonial theory is actually a growing as well as a controversial field. Some of the critics understand postcolonial theory as hypothetically and incoherent not worth mentioning at its best and political harmful at its worst. Post colonial theory is however superficial as an uncritical condemnation of the Western nations, cultures as well as values. For some reasons, these wrong interpretations materialize from a lack of intellectual commitment with the topics in that same field. These critics are actually motivated by a political desire which is out to sustain and legitimize the power of Western values, nations together with the cultures. This paper will respond to these types of distortions. The paper will identify how philosophical reflections might assist people to understand the nature of connections between dissimilar cultures. After the introduction together with the main problems in the field of postcolonial theory, the paper will talk so much about the early theorists of anti-colonialism. However, postcolonial theory must be conceptualized as an extension of the aforementioned anti colonial struggles. In this situation one is able to understand fully the connections between colonialism and the western philosophy. At times when the West tends to control as well as shaping different cultures and the way of their thinking, the study of the way different cultures interacted during the past seems tremendously necessary. As a result, feminist theory is the expansion of feminism into philosophical or theoretical position. It tends to encompass the work done in a very broad variety of disciplines, importantly including the approaches towards women’s roles and lives together with the feminist politics in sociology and anthropology. Feminist theory always aims at understanding the natural history of inequality and it actually focuses on power relations, femininity politics as well as sexuality (Tiffin, 9). Postcolonial feminism is the main form of feminist philosophy which tends to criticize the Western forms of feminism, particularly liberal feminism as well as fundamental feminism plus their universalism of female experience. The postcolonial feminists argue that the cultures that are impacted by the colonialism are often vastly different and it should be treated that way. Colonial oppression might result in glorification of pre-colonial culture in which in cultures with traditions of stratification of power along the lines of gender, could somehow mean the acceptance or refusal to deal with, inherent matters of gender inequality. Postcolonial feminists does not present a united front on feminist issues, but it can be described as the feminists who have always reacted against both universalizing tendencies in the Western feminist thought as well as a lack of attention to gender issues in mainstream postcolonial thought (Tiffin, 9). A lot of postcolonial feminists tend to argue that the oppressions connecting to the colonial experience, more especially class, radical together with ethnic oppressions, have marginalized women in postcolonial societies. In one way or the other, they tend to challenge the assumption whereby the gender domination is the most important force of patriarchy. Furthermore, postcolonial feminists point to the superficial interpretation of women of non-Western societies just like the passive and people who don’t have a voice, as opposed to the depiction of Western women as educated, modern as well as empowered. At the same time as demanding gender oppression contained by their individual cultures, postcolonial feminists in addition tends to fight the charges of being Western, just the way some would contend within their cultures (Reina, 46). As a result, feminism is the conviction in the social, political as well as the economic equality of women. It involves a variety of movements, philosophies and theories which are concerned with the idea of gender dissimilarities as well as campaigning for the rights of women together with their interests. Feminist theory came as a result of these particular feminist movements. The idea of postcolonial feminism arose right from the gender history of colonialism. The regal powers regularly imposed Westernized norms on top of colonized areas. In the year 1940 to 1950, immediately after the creation of the United Nations, previous colonies were being supervised for what was deemed as social development by Western principles. The progression of women, in the middle of other variables, has always been supervised by questionably Western organizations for example the United Nations. Consequently, customary practices together with the roles taken up by women from time to time is regarded as objectionable by Western standards which could sometimes considered as a type of rebellion in opposition to colonial oppression. Postcolonial feminists, they really work so hard in order to fight femininity oppression in their individual cultural models of the social order relatively than from those of the Western. The fundamental theoretical principle of postcolonial feminism is that the concept of freedom, equality as well as rights stems right from the enlightenment together with privilege European and Western norms, instead of representing a universal ethical system (Boniface, 14). Postcolonial feminist writing tends to overlap a great deal with transnational feminism together with the third world feminism. Postcolonial feminism is somehow connected with post colonialism. However, there is an essential alliance among black feminists plus the postcolonial feminists because both of them have really struggled for identification by the Western feminists as well as men in their own individual ethnicity. As a result, feminist discourse actually shares a lot of similarities with post colonial theory and consequently both fields have always been thinking of being associative. They are both predominantly political and they are concerned with the struggle against injustice and oppression. However, both of them tend to refuse the established patriarchal, hierarchical system which is actually conquered by the hegemonic white men as well as passionately denying the hypothetical supremacy of mannish power together with the authority. The demoralized women are in this sense of the same kind with the colonized subject matter. Basically, exponents of post colonialism are very much reacting in opposition to colonialism in both the political and economical sense. The feminist theorists on the other hand are refusing colonialism of a sexual environment. In one way or the other, colonialism is the biggest iniquity for the reason that it mechanically entails the danger of misogynistic. Colonial oppression do affect the lives of women both socially and economically whereby it has forced postcolonial critics to take on a keener awareness of gender roles during the time when they are discussing imperialist exploits. In the same way, feminism has become very much aware of the post colonial counterparts in the latest period of time. The failure to acknowledge the historical specificity is actually damaging like any other assumptions which are based in chauvinism as well as ignorance. Feminists also tried to apply the intolerance of blanket terms towards post colonialism and they as well have subsequently been so much critical of post colonialists’ tendencies to construct one category of the colonized, hence ignoring the essential issues of gender differences (Reina, 29). There are quite a number of significant literary texts which are written both from post-colonial and feminist stand point. The texts usually share views about individuality and disparity of the subject and agreements on shared strategies of resistance against the external forces that are doctorial. Bill Ashcroft in his book, â€Å"Key Concepts in Post Colonial Studies† compares â€Å"writing place† in post-colonial theory to â€Å"writing the body† in feminism. This clearly indicates that colonized space in the discourse of feminist is the highly vulnerable body of the female. This therefore reflects the fertile and productive nature of the place and body that has got the power to yield crop and also to destroy it. They are both capable of ruthlessness when forced to it. Caryl Churchill’s controversial play â€Å"Cloud Nine† written in 1979 deals in a broader length with ‘double colonization’ towards women by their male counterparts and the colonial powers. Consequently, there is a critic of gender of familial and sexual duties in the ‘Victorian colonial society’. The play utilizes both cross-dressing and role-doubling in a comical way to fully explore the association between colonial and sexual oppression throughout history. The first act takes place in a British colony within Africa whereby Clive, one of the racist and sexist colonial administrator brings forth his stringent ideals both to his family and the natives of Africa. Being the superior white male, he identifies the roles that women and the natives must play. His doting and self effacing female counterpart is Betty. She says she is a man’s creation and what men want is what she wants to be. The boundaries of gender are fully closed as Betty is played by a man. This foregrounds her gender as a fiction that is constructed by a â€Å"male gaze†. The patriarchal society of Clive can not be able to envision the identity of women. Betty therefore, must just be played by a male actor and through Betty’s character; Churchill satirizes the traditional role of women who are subordinate in history. This forces us to recognize that the female identity is both a historical and a cultural construction. There are also some constructions of the pre-colonial that are strongly influenced by phallocentrice prejudice which defines a native woman as passive and subsidiary inferior. There are also more representations of female native figures in Western Art and Literature which perpetuate the myth of the female that is charged erotically. For instance, the primitive exotism danger of Ayesha in H. Rider Haggards novel â€Å"She† which is full of prejudice. And truly much of the 19th century, the black skin depicted sexual promiscuity and bad behavior It has been made clear that during the time the artists were attempting to make an ultimate change and the oppressive power connections encoded in the sense of nation, race and empire, together with those of class, gender and sexuality in tracing a path of feminist postcolonial concerns. The present feminist postcolonial theory goes on exerts a pressure on mainstream postcolonial theory on its constant iteration of the necessity to consider gender issues. Some time ago, feminist postcolonial theorists tent to criticize male theorists because of assuming the behavior of British men might take a stand for the behavior of imperial subjects in general or to symbolize the empire as a whole. The feminist postcolonial theories always engage the two fold project, to racialise mainstream feminist theory as well as to insert feminist concerns into conceptualizations of colonialism and post colonialism. Feminist postcolonial theory is concerned, among other things, to analyze the relationship among the western women and that is indigenous women (Tiffin, 9). Feminist is at present abandoned in a good number of feminist theories. The acknowledgment of subjectivity which tends to ground the feminist practice apparently doesn’t ground it for others. People don’t think the same way. However, ant-liberal feminist theory as well demonstrated and enacted its own failure to resolve the conflicts it debates so energetically. The conflicts are not going to be resolved by the theory. They cannot be resolved for the reason that women are human beings in spite of everything. Finally, that unbearable reality makes feminist theory important.

Portrayal of Two Mothers in Blood Brothers

Portrayal of Two Mothers in Blood Brothers Compare how Willy Russell portrays the two mothers in â€Å"Blood Brothers†. Blood Brothers is a popular play by Willy Russell. It was written and first performed in 1981. The play tells of twin brothers, separated at birth, with one kept in a low-class family and the other is adopted into a wealthy family. The characters of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons, the mothers, are total opposites. Mrs Johnston is a struggling, single mother of seven, with another two on the way, whereas Mrs Lyons is a privileged, yet childless, married woman. When we are first introduced to Mrs Johnston, she is a single mother ever since her husband left her for a younger woman. She is a low–class Liverpudlian, who is extremely hardworking. Mrs Johnston is described as a woman in her thirties, but looks sixty, because of the stress of work and her children. Mrs Johnston stutters at times, when shes under pressure, like when Mrs Lyons is persuading her to give away one of the twins, â€Å"Erm, well I think its the†¦ but, Mrs Lyons, what†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1 Scene 5. Mrs Johnston is shown as unsure and pressured into something she doesnt want to do. The reader may find it disturbing, since not many mothers give away their children to their employers. Mrs Johnston realises what Mrs Lyons is talking about, but is still confused over the whole situation. When she talks, ellipses are used to show that she pauses in her dialogue, because she is uncertain about the consequences to what she is about to do, â€Å"At er†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1 Scene 5. She is hesitating because she is in doubt and hasnt really decided. Mrs Johnston is lost for words and cant think of anything to say. Mrs Johnston is a superstitious lady, even though she denies it. The reader can see this in a scene between her and Mrs Lyons, â€Å"Mrs Lyons: [Twigging, laughing] Oh, you mean its superstition. Youre superstitious are you? The Mother: No. But you never put new shoes on a table.† Act 1 Scene 3. When Mrs Lyons laid shoes on the table, Mrs Johnston panicked. Mrs Lyons uses Mrs Johnstons belief of superstition against her when trying to keep her ‘son, Edward, one of the twins. Mrs Lyons contrasts really strongly against Mrs Johnston. At first, Mrs Lyons is shown as a bright person in her thirties, unlike the stressed Mrs Johnston who is the same age. Mrs Lyons is an upper middle-class woman. She is also a very patronising woman, who is forceful and pressurising. Mrs Lyons uses negative views about extra children so that Mrs Johnston will have to give away one of the twins to her. She doesnt do this in an aggressive way, but in a dangerously sweet manner, â€Å"Mrs Lyons: Already youre being threatened by the Welfare. With two more how will you avoid some of them being put into care? Surely, surely, Mrs Johnston, its better to give one child to me than to have some of them taken into care! If hes with me youll still be able to see him each day as you come into work.† Act 1 Scene 5. She gives Mrs Johnston reasons to give up a child. Mrs Lyons is shown to be self-centred, â€Å"My husband is due back tomorrow! I must have my baby now.† Act 1 Scene 6. She doesnt care about Mrs Johnstons feelings, Mrs Lyons only wants the baby because if Mr Lyons returns and doesnt see it, he will know that his wife was lying. Mrs Lyons is willing to take a child away from its mother, so that she can save her own skin. Mrs Lyons is a very sly and devious woman, as she uses superstition against Mrs Johnston, so that she can keep one of the twins, after Mrs Johnston tries to take him back, â€Å"Mrs Lyons: †¦ You know what they say about twins secretly parted, dont you? The Mother: [Terrified] What, what? Mrs Lyons: They say†¦ they say that if either twin learns he was one of a pair they shall both die immediately! It means, Mrs Johnston, that these brothers shall grow up unaware of the others existence. They shall be raised apart, and never, never ever told what was once the truth. You wont tell anyone, Mrs Johnston, because if you do you shall kill them!† Act 1 Scene 8. Mrs Lyons is being dramatic, but she knows that Mrs Johnston is convinced, because she saw how Mrs Johnston overreacted when she put shoes on the table. Mrs Lyons is very manipulative, but she conceals it very well. This superstition ends up backfiring on Mrs Lyons because Mrs Johnston soon forgets about it, but it continues to haunt Mrs Lyons decades later. She becomes paranoid and obsessive, believing that Mrs Johnston is following her to tell Edward the truth. This shows the reader that the superstition affects her instead of Mrs Johnston, the person it was intended for. When she is trying to convince Mrs Johnston to give away a twin, all she mentions is the materialistic advantages of her lifestyle, â€Å"The Mother: †¦ Hed be able to play on those lawns wouldnt he? And have his own room and†¦ Mrs Lyons: If he grew up here†¦ as our son†¦ He could have everything.† Act 1 Scene 5. Although she agrees with everything Mrs Johnston says, Mrs Lyons never mentions if she would love the child as if it was hers. The reader could think that Mrs Lyons could give him everything apart from love. The stage directions are in the text because Blood Brothers is a play. They are there because the dialogue doesnt describe how the characters are reacting or what the scenery is like. The stage direction gives the reader an idea of what is happening, without giving too much away, â€Å"The Mother: [Terrified] What, what?† Act 1 Scene 8. If the stage directions werent given, the reader wouldnt know how Mrs Johnston said it. She could have been curious or confused about the situation. The stage directions help with the readers imagination and interpretation of Blood Brothers. The Narrator is also a very good dramatic device. He acts as a shadow of the other character. The Narrator is there as a reminder of Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons agreement. The other characters dont acknowledge him which shows he is of a ghostly nature. The Narrator raises suspicion and builds up tension between the characters. He has no emotion and talks of the Devil, â€Å"Theres no use clutching at your rosary The Devils in the backyard, he can see Through the gaps in the curtains he sees it all, Theres no use hiding in the hall. When he raps at the knocker then he knows youre in; No you wont, no youll never get away from him No you wont, no youll never get away from him.† Act 2 Scene 1. The Narrator is trying to tell Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons that their pact wont work, because the truth will be known. He uses repetition and rhyme, so that his lines are more catchy and memorable. The Narrator is a creepy and disturbing character because he knows the future and talks about the Devil, which makes him God-like and all seeing. He is a neutral character because he doesnt choose sides and we dont know anything about him, other than he knows the fate of each character. The Narrator also represents superstition because he is there throughout the play, reminding the reader of the lie Mrs Lyons told. The dialogue of the two families is very diverse. Mrs Johnston uses ‘common English and Mrs Lyons uses ‘standard English. Mrs Johnston uses ‘common English in her dialect and many slang terms throughout the play, â€Å"Oh its, its smashing thank you, Mrs Lyons.† Act 1 Scene 3. This shows that she wasnt brought up in a rich family or she wasnt properly educated. Mrs Lyons uses ‘standard English in her language, since she is quite wealthy and possibly well educated. Instead of calling her son Eddie, she calls him Edward, â€Å"Edward! Edward its time for bed.† Act 2 Scene 3. Childhood is very prominent in the play. The reader can see a difference in the twins upbringing. Eddie seems to have grown up very fast because at the age of seven, he is already very polite and well spoken. His parents have influenced him because he is like a miniature adult. The reader can see that Mrs Lyons was very overprotective when she brought Eddie up, because he is already familiar with things like dictionaries at such a young age, â€Å"Eddie: In the dictionary. Dont you know what a dictionary is?† Act 2 Scene 2. Eddie speaks like he has used a dictionary a lot, whereas Mickey doesnt know what one is, but agrees to make himself look smarter. In contrast, Mickey is more wild and untamed. He plays childhood games, like mounted Police and Indians, and runs around with a toy gun. Mrs Johnston probably let him do whatever he wanted, because she had his other siblings to look after as well. This is something that Eddie never did, â€Å"Were playing mounted Police, and Indians. Im a Mountie. Mam, Mam, you know this morning weve wiped out three thousand Indians.† Act 2 Scene 1. A gun is mentioned throughout the play. At first, a harmless air gun is used a toy. This symbolises the fate of the twins. The child versions think its just a toy used to vandalise, but as they grow up, real guns are used. At the end of the play, when Mickey feels that Eddie has taken everything away from him, he produces an authentic looking gun. Even then it isnt real. The child and the adult Mickey thinks of guns as a relic of power. When Mrs Lyons moves to the countryside, she orders that poplars be planted, so that the council estate cant be seen. The poplars are a barrier between Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnston. Mrs Lyons wants sever all ties with the Johnston family, but they manage to move to the countryside as well. Superstition plays a big part in Blood Brothers. With the Narrator as a constant reminder, the reader sees that Mrs Lyons superstition affects every character in the play. Mrs Lyons is most affected. Simple things that a mother would tell a child would be nonsense to her, but knowing that Mrs Johnston is superstitious helped her get a child. At that point, superstition was an advantage to her. But when she faces the reality of what she has done, Mrs Lyons becomes deluded. The idea of motherhood and surrogacy is also present. Mrs Johnston and Mrs Lyons raise their sons very differently. Mrs Johnston lets Mickey be carefree and wild, but he isnt allowed to play near the ‘big houses in the park. Mrs Lyons raises Eddie the way she desires, but he finds his way back to his biological family. She becomes insane because of Eddies bonds with his real family. This reveals her real personality, compulsive and aggressive. Surrogacy is shown as a bad thing in Blood Brothers, because Mrs Johnston was reluctant to give away her child. Mrs Lyons manipulative personality is seen here, in her desperation to have a child, as she forces Mrs Johnston to give away her son. Blood brothers are also one of the themes mentioned. It started off as a childs alliance to his friend, but carries on until adulthood. The twins do forget about it at times in their life, but it keeps returning. The one who came up with the idea, Mickey, is the one who ends up dismissing it. He thinks nothing of it any more, â€Å"Eddie: [Pause] I thought†¦ I thought we always stuck together. I thought we were†¦ blood brothers. Mickey: That was kids stuff, Eddie, didnt anyone tell you? [Pause. Mickey looking at him. An ironic snort] But I suppose you still are a kid, arent you?† Act 4 Scene 2. Social class and division is also mentioned. Whilst Mickey and Eddie overcome that boundary, their mothers havent. Mrs Johnston is treated very badly because of her low-class status. When Mickey is in trouble with the police, the Policewoman is very patronising and shows Mrs Johnston no respect, â€Å"[to Mrs Johnston] And he was about to commit a serious crime, love, a serious crime. Now do you understand that? [The Mother nods] You dont want to end up in court again do you? Eh? [Shakes her head] Because thats whats going to happen if I have any more trouble from one of yours†¦ † Act 2 Scene 7. The Policewoman uses a threatening tone and rhetorical questions, such as ‘Eh? She also uses repetition because she thinks that Mrs Johnston is poorly educated and inferior to her. Since Eddie was also there at the time, the Policewoman paid a visit to his house too, â€Å"As I say, it was more if a prank really, Mrs Lyons. Id just dock his pocket money if I was you. But one thing I would say, and excuse me if Im interfering, but Id not let him mix with the likes of them in the future. Make sure he keeps with his own kind, Mrs Lyons, not running round with them at the other end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 2 Scene 7. The Policewoman is more polite to Mrs Lyons. She refers to the incident as a crime to Mrs Johnston, but tells Mrs Lyons it was a prank. She doesnt use repetition with Mrs Lyons. She is inside Mrs Lyons house because Mrs Lyons is a respected woman and if the neighbours saw, people would talk. The Policewoman is very two-faced, treating one mother better because of her status. The town, where the characters live, is separated. The reader can see a definite social division. There is the wealthy ‘in the big houses near the park and the workers in the council estate.

Who Cares about Student Apathy? :: Personal Narrative Essays

Who Cares about Student Apathy? Over the last several months I have been emerged in the issue of voter apathy. This year only 8.3% of students voted in our Student Government elections. This became an important issue to me since I first came to high school. I watched many of my friends show no interest in what was going on around high school. They did not know any of the candidates and they did not seem to care what happened to the organization that carried the most weight in conveying student interests to the administration. From this discourse, I set out this semester with goals in mind. 1) Increase voter turnout in the SGA election 2) Make voting available on-line 3) Increase student interest in SGA Needless to say I failed at all 3 goals. Our voter turnout went down from the previous year, and I was told voting on-line had already been discussed and the administration had decided that it was not practical. It is hard to measure whether I increased interest in student government, however, based on the previous two, I believe interest has not increased. While at this point in my endeavors I became frustrated. That did not stop me. I started simply talking to people I know about voting. I asked them why they thought students had apathy and what they thought might change that. These discussions changed my outlook completely. I was no longer concerned with just getting everyone to the polls because I realized that it took more than that to get people involved. In order for students to vote, they must strongly believe that what is happening affects them personally and that by voting they are not only taking a stand about something, but also they believe their stand will make a difference. Students who are not voting for these reasons probably should not be voting. This was a turning point in my process, and from here I took two new steps. 1) I developed a survey on voting 2) I created an information sheet to publicize the SGA election The SGA election is not highly publized, and I felt it might be beneficial to post sheets telling students how and where to vote. I particularly liked the "one vote" statistics on the information sheet distributed to students. Who Cares about Student Apathy? :: Personal Narrative Essays Who Cares about Student Apathy? Over the last several months I have been emerged in the issue of voter apathy. This year only 8.3% of students voted in our Student Government elections. This became an important issue to me since I first came to high school. I watched many of my friends show no interest in what was going on around high school. They did not know any of the candidates and they did not seem to care what happened to the organization that carried the most weight in conveying student interests to the administration. From this discourse, I set out this semester with goals in mind. 1) Increase voter turnout in the SGA election 2) Make voting available on-line 3) Increase student interest in SGA Needless to say I failed at all 3 goals. Our voter turnout went down from the previous year, and I was told voting on-line had already been discussed and the administration had decided that it was not practical. It is hard to measure whether I increased interest in student government, however, based on the previous two, I believe interest has not increased. While at this point in my endeavors I became frustrated. That did not stop me. I started simply talking to people I know about voting. I asked them why they thought students had apathy and what they thought might change that. These discussions changed my outlook completely. I was no longer concerned with just getting everyone to the polls because I realized that it took more than that to get people involved. In order for students to vote, they must strongly believe that what is happening affects them personally and that by voting they are not only taking a stand about something, but also they believe their stand will make a difference. Students who are not voting for these reasons probably should not be voting. This was a turning point in my process, and from here I took two new steps. 1) I developed a survey on voting 2) I created an information sheet to publicize the SGA election The SGA election is not highly publized, and I felt it might be beneficial to post sheets telling students how and where to vote. I particularly liked the "one vote" statistics on the information sheet distributed to students.

Minimalism Essay example -- Essays Papers

Minimalism In order to understand minimal artists’ tendency to produce objects and not images, we need to define minimalism. Michael Delahunt at Artlex (1) refers to minimalism as â€Å"A twentieth century style of art stressing the idea of reducing a work of art to the minimum number of colors, values, shapes, lines and textures†. But I think this definition does not completely reflect what minimal artists did. They did not get interested in ‘complex’ things as colors, values, lines etc. They preferred objects to images or I would rather say ‘brushstrokes’. Because that they believed that â€Å"less is more†, even brushstrokes were too much for them. Minimalists were against self expression. They wanted to use the meaning a ready made object already has in it. This was totally suitable for their purpose of using minimum effort and material for an artwork. Preparing an image would consume too much of the artists’ time and effort. And what’s more, it would have self expression in it. They also believed that art could be concieved by mind before execution. That is, one must be able to explain an artwork to another who hasn’t seen it. For example Mohology-Nagy gave instructions by phone to a factory for one of his works(2). This can be thought as a instruction manual for an artwork (I think we can call minimalism as D.I.Y. art!). But you can’t do this kind of art with a painting. Can you think of it? â€Å"put some yellow there, mix red with brown and put it on the tree with ...

John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay: Allegory of Sin and Death :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   That Milton's Paradise Lost is unsurpassed--and hardly equaled--in English literature is generally accepted by critics and scholars. Whether it may have serious flaws, however, and what they may be, is less certain, for it is here that opinion varies. Of particular interest to some is the allegory of Sin and Death (II. 648-883). Robert C. Fox wonders that it has not been the subject of much more critical discussion, asking "Is it that Milton's readers are puzzled by this episode and, unable to explain its significance, prefer to pass it over in silence? Or do they regard it as so obvious in meaning that no interpretive remarks are necessary?" ("The Allegory" 354). Whatever the answer to Fox's query, his point is well taken; in a survey of the bibliography of the Modern Language Association from 1950-1980, fewer than twenty references specifically devoted to this allegory can be located, and many of these, rather than pursuing the question of its appropriateness and/or it s importance within the total work, simply investigate its tradition and sources.    Merritt Y. Hughes, in referring to those scholars who have commented on the allegory, writes that "for two centuries critics agreed that the step into pure allegory in Sin and Death was a blemish on the poem and an external incrustation. Recently they have been wondering whether it is not a part of the structural irony of the whole design" (177). It is this latter view on which this paper focuses; the allegory is indeed an integral part of the whole of Paradise Lost, not an error of judgment on Milton's part, as some critics believe. It is defensible on two levels, both in terms of structure and in terms of content.    Since it is the presence of allegorical figures--abstractions--in the epic to which some critics object, it is necessary here to discuss both allegory and epic form. Allegory, according to William Flint Thrall and Addison Hibbard, is defined as "an extended metaphor in which objects and persons in a narrative . . . are equated with meanings that lie outside [it]," uses characters that "are usually personifications of abstract qualities, the action and the setting representative of the relationships among these abstractions. Allegory attempts to evoke a dual interest, one in the events, characters, and setting presented, and the other in the ideas they are intended to convey or the significance they bear" (7-8).

Life of Rizal Essay

One of the most favourite novels of Rizal was the Count of Monte Cristo which was authored by Alexander Dumas. This novel—which portrays the story of Edmond Dantes– instilled his romantic cravings. Accordingly, the life of Edmond Dantes was a story of hope, vengeance, forgiveness, and mercy. This novel was an excellent example of pure wisdom and love. The theme of its story struck Rizal’s genius mind and unique character. The novel became a favourite reading material of the hero during his teenage years. On the other hand, I can say that this story of Edmond Dantes was truly one of a kind during the times of Alexander Dumas. The story would show us the evil side of human person– selfishness and pride. In fact, the events in the story still exist during these times. One good example is the corruption and injustices happening in our country. To name a few: the case of Ampatuan Massacre which until now is still not resolved and the families of the unfortunate victims still not able to taste justice of the crime; and the unending corruption in the Philippines. Furthermore, we can also relate the theme of the story to each of us. The novel was an epic adventure of a human being’s nature and emotions. I can say that it is natural for us to feel angry to those who had wronged us. When we hold grudge to someone, we are compelled to take revenge in order to satisfy our feelings of anger. In fact, this kind of emotional adventure has already happened to me once then and I learned so much out from that experience. Surely, it had also happened to someone else on this planet and many lives are torn apart just because of the selfishness and pride of some people. However, when we surrender everything we feel to God and feeling all those emotions of anger without trying to change anything that has happened to us– we will soon be enlightened and forgiveness will step our way. When everything is already enough and we feel that many people have been affected just because of that feeling of anger and revenge, we start to forgive those who had wronged us. Accordingly, this is one of the best feelings we experience as humans because in forgiveness you see peace and love. When you forgive a person, it means that you are letting go of that grudge and finds your way to peace and happiness. Indeed, the Lord Jesus taught us to forgive those who had wronged us. Even He Himself died in the cross in order for us to be redeemed from our sins and to experience new life. That’s how huge God’s love for us. Thus, it is fine when we have to undergo feelings of anger towards a  person. It is good to feel it rather than rejecting it because when we start running from the truth that we are angry at the person– and all we just feel is revenge– we start to hurt ourselves and others. Our health will be destroyed so much that our relationships will be in much chaos. Perhaps, this novel nurtured the spirit of Rizal to fight Spanish tyranny. He was consciously aware of the atrocities and maltreatment that some Spanish officials and friars did to his fellowmen. Corruption and injustice were everywhere but most of the Filipinos were not aware of it. The powerful Spanish Friars just used the Catholic Religion in order to cover their corrupt actions. But Rizal knew that there was something wrong and he must act to fight it.

Torispherical Head Tank Volume

Calculating tank Volume frugality time, increa guiltg accuracy By Dan J integritys, Ph. D. , P. E. C alculating politic raft in a plane or up poleed cylindric or elliptical cooler sens be complicated, depending on changeful acme and the shape of the gallerys (ends) of a even armoured combat vehicle or the cig atomic number 18tte of a straight armoured combat vehicle. Exact equations now are operational for several commonly encountered cooler shapes. These equations gouge be used to make fast and accurate fluent-volume calculations. in all equations are rigorous, precisely computational difficulties entrust arise in certain limiting configurations.All volume equations hold melted volumes in cubic units from storage cooler proportions in reproducible linear units. All variables formation armoured combat vehicle shapes required for tank volume calculations are be in the Variables and Definitions sidebar. Graphically, Figs. 1 and 2 immortalise plane t ank variables and Figs. 3 and 4 show straight tank variables. Exact bland volumes in elliptical level or straight tanks can be institute by first calculating the fluid volumes of appropriate rounded horizontal or good tanks u the pitsg the equations described preceding(prenominal), and becausece by adjusting those results using appropriate field formulas.horizontal rounded Tanks mobile volume as a function of fluid big top can be deliberate for a horizontal rounded tank with each c unmatchedlike, roundedal, rainbow fish, worldwide, or tori worldwide motions where the fluid bill, h, is measuring stickd from the tank arse to the fluid surface, see Figs. 1 and 2. A guppy head is a conical head where the apex of the conical head is level with the top of the rounded plane particle of the tank as shown in Fig. 1. A torispherical head is an ASME-type head delineate by a knuckle- roentgen contestation, k, and a dish- wheel spoke parameter, f, as shown in Fig. 2.An ellipsoidal head moldiness be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution only a hemiellipsoid is legitimate no segment of an ellipsoid get out work as is true in the case of a spherical head where the head may be a spherical segment. For a spherical head, a ? R, where R is the spoke of the cylindrical tank body. Where recessed conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, or torispherical heads are considered, whence a ? L/2. Both heads of a horizontal cylindrical tank essential be identical for the equations to work i. e. , if one head is conical, the otherwise must be conical with the same dimensions.However, the equations can be combined to deal with fluid volume calculations of horizontal tanks with heads of different shapes. For instance, if a horizontal cylindrical tank has a conical head on one end and an ellipsoidal head on the other end, calculate fluid volumes of two tanks, one with conical heads and the other with ellipsoidal heads, and ordinary the results to get the desired fluid volume. The heads of a horizontal tank may be flat (a = 0), protuberant (a 0), or cotyloid (a 0). The chase variables must be inside the ranges stated a ? R for spherical heads a ? L/2 for concave ends 0 ? ? 2R for all tanks f 0. 5 for torispherical heads 0 ? k ? 0. 5 for torispherical heads D0 L? 0 foliate 1 of 12 Variables and Definitions (See Figs. 1-5) a is the distance a horizontal tanks heads extend beyond (a 0) or into (a 0) its cylindrical section or the depth the tooshie extends below the cylindrical section of a perpendicular tank. For a horizontal tank with flat heads or a vertical tank with a flat bottom a = 0. Af is the cross-section(a) bowl of the fluid in a horizontal tanks cylindrical section. D is the diam of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank.DH, DW are the height and width, respectively, of the ellipse specify the cross section of the body of a horizontal elliptical tank. DA, DB are the major and min or axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body of a vertical elliptical tank. f is the dish-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms fD is the dish radius. h is the height of fluid in a tank measured from the lowest part of the tank to the fluid surface. k is the knuckle-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms kD is the knuckle radius.L is the length of the cylindrical section of a horizontal tank. R is the radius of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank. r is the radius of a spherical head for a horizontal tank or a spherical bottom of a vertical tank. Vf is the fluid volume, of fluid depth h, in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank. Page 2 of 12 Horizontal Tank Equations Here are the specific equations for fluid volumes in horizontal cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and torispherical heads (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions, an d D/2 = R 0 for all equations) conic heads.Vf = A f L + K . 0 ? h R 2 aR2 ? ? / 2 h = R 3 ? ? K . R h ? 2 R 1 ? 2 M 1 ? M2 M M= R? h R K ? romaine lettuce ? 1 M + M 3 romaine lettuceineh ? 1 Ellipsoidal heads. Vf = A f L + ? a h 2 1 ? Guppy heads. h 3R Vf = A f L + 2aR2 2a h cos ? 1 1 ? + 2 Rh ? h 2 (2 h ? 3 R )(h + R ) 3 R 9R Spherical heads. 3R 2 + a 2 6 ? a 3R 2 + a 2 3 h ? a h2 1 ? 3R Vf = A f L + a a ?a ( ( ) ) . . . . . . . . .. h = R, . . . . . . . . . h = D, a ? R a ? R . . . . . . . .. h = 0 or a = 0, R, ? R 2 2r3 R2 ? r w R2 + r w z R cos ? 1 2+ + cos ? 1 ? 3 R (w ? r ) R(w + r ) r r ? 2 w r2 ? R cos ? 1 w R a ? 0. 01D y 4w y z w3 tan ? 1 + 3 z 3 . . h ? R, D a ? 0, R, ? R a R2 ? x 2 2 r 2 ? x 2 tan ? 1 dx ? A f z a r 2 ? R2 w a2 + R2 2a ( ) . . h ? R, D a ? 0, R, ? R a 0. 01D r= a? 0 a = r ? r 2 ? R2 + ( ? ) for convex (concave ) heads w ? R? h y ? 2 R h ? h2 z ? r 2 ? R2 Page 3 of 12 Torispherical heads.In the Vf equation, use +(-) for convex(concave) heads. V f = A f L 2 2 v 1,max ? v 1 (h = D ? h) + v 2,max + v 3,max . . . h 2 ? h ? D 2 ( v 1,max + v 2 + v 3 ) . . . . . . 2 v1 . . . . . . . . . 0 ? h ? h1 h1 h h 2 2kDh? h2 v1 ? 0 kD cos ? n 2 sin ? 1 n 2 cos ? 1 n2 ? w 2 ? w n 2 ? w 2 dx n g w ? w n 2 ? w 2 + g n 2 ? g 2 dx ? cos ? 1 n n 2 v2 ? 0 g g2 + r w z r3 g2 ? r w 2+ cos ? 1 + cos ? 1 ? r g(w + r ) r 3 g (w ? ) v3 ? g cos ? 1 g2 ? w 2 w3 w tan ? 1 ? w r2 ? 3 z g . . . . .. 0. 5 f ? 10 + w z g2 ? w 2 6 g2 ? x 2 z + wz 2 2 g (h ? h1 ) ? (h ? h1 ) 2 (r 2 ? x 2 tan ? 1 ) dx ? w z 2 w 2 g cos ? 1 ? w 2g(h ? h1 ) ? (h ? h1 ) 2 g 0. 5 f 10,000 v 2,max ? v 2 (h = h 2 ) v 3,max ? v 3 (h = h 2 ) = v 1,max ? v 1 (h = h1 ) ? a1 6 ( 3g 2 2 + a1 ) a 1 ? r ( 1 ? cos ? ) r ? fD h 2 ? D ? h1 w ? R? h z ? r 2 ? g 2 = f D cos ? = r cos ? ? ? sin ? 1 1? 2k = cos ? 1 2 (f ? k ) 4 f 2 ? 8 f k + 4k ? 1 2 (f ? k ) h1 ? k D (1 ? sin ? ) n ? R ? k D + k 2D 2 ? 2 g ? f D sin ? = r sin ? In the above equations, Vf is the total volume of fluid in the tank in cubic units consistent with the linear units of tank dimension parameters, and Af is the cross-sectional area of fluid in the cylindrical body of the tank in self-colored units consistent with the linear units used for R and h. The equation for Af is given by A f = R 2 cos ? 1 R? h ? (R ? h) 2 R h ? h 2 R Page 4 of 12 Figure 1. Parameters for Horizontal rounded Tanks with conical, Ellipsoidal, Guppy, or Spherical Heads. Spherical head Cylindrical Tube Hemiellipsoid head r(sphere) DGuppy head cone-shaped head a (cone guppy) a(sphere) R h a(ellipsoid) L Af Fluid cross-sectional area CROSS SECTION OF CYLINDRICAL pipage h 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Both heads of a tank must be identical. Above plot is for definition of parameters only. Cylindrical tube of diameter D (D 0), radius R (R 0), and length L (L ? 0). For spherical head of radius r, r ? R and a ? R. For convex head other than spherical, 0 a ? , for concave head a 0. L ? 0 for a ? 0, L ? 2a for a 0. Ellipsoidal he ad must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. 0 ? h ? D.Page 5 of 12 Figure 2. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Heads. kD h2 R D ? fD h h1 Horizontal Cylindrical Tank Examples L The pursuit examples can be used to let out application of the equations Find the volumes of fluid, in gallons, in horizontal cylindrical tanks 108 in diameter with cylinder lengths of 156, with conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and standard ASME torispherical (f = 1, k = 0. 06) heads, each head extending beyond the ends of the cylinder 42 (except torispherical), for fluid depths in the tanks of 36 (example 1) and 84 (example 2).Calculate five times for each fluid depth for a conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical, and torispherical head. For example 1 the parameters are D = 108, L = 156, a = 42, h = 36, f = 1, and k = 0. 06. The fluid volumes are 2,041. 19 gal for conical heads, 2,380. 96 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 1,931. 72 congius for guppy heads, 2,303. 96 Gal for spherical heads, and 2,028. 63 Gal for torispherical heads. For example 2 the parameters are D = 108, L = 156, a = 42, h = 84, f = 1, and k = 0. 06. The fluid volumes are 6,180. 54 Gal for conical heads, 7,103. 45 Gal for ellipsoidal heads, 5,954. 1 Gal for guppy heads, 6,935. 16 Gal for spherical heads, and 5,939. 90 Gal for torispherical heads. For torispherical heads, a is not required infix it can be calculated from f, k, and D. torispherical-head examples, the calculated value is a = 18. 288. Page 6 of 12 For these Vertical Cylindrical Tanks Fluid volume in a vertical cylindrical tank with either a conical, ellipsoidal, spherical, or torispherical bottom can be calculated, where the fluid height, h, is measured from the center of the bottom of the tank to the surface of the fluid in the tank.See Figs. 3 and 4 for tank configurations and dimension parameters, which are also defined in the Variables and Definitions sidebar. A torispherical bottom is an ASME-type bottom defined by a knuckle-radius factor and a dish-radius factor as shown graphically in Fig. 4. The knuckle radius will then be kD and the dish radius will be fD. An ellipsoidal bottom must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. For a spherical bottom, a ? R, where a is the depth of the spherical bottom and R is the radius of the cylindrical section of the tank.The following parameter ranges must be spy a ? 0 for all vertical tanks, a ? R for a spherical bottom f 0. 5 for a torispherical bottom 0 ? k ? 0. 5 for a torispherical bottom D0 Vertical Tank Equations Here are the specific equations for fluid volumes in vertical cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, spherical, and torispherical bottoms (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions, and D 0 for all equations) Conical bottom. ? Dh Vf = 4 4 a 2 h 3 2a 3 . . . . . . . h